Figure 4: Sketch of pathologic events potentially targeted by dimethyl sulfoxide+ fructose 1,6-diphosphate (PHA-56) following ischemic stroke. Clinical and experimental findings (see text for details) have reported dimethyl sulfoxide lowering brain edema, scavenging free radicals, blocking sodium channel activation, reducing inflammation and increasing cerebral perfusion, while fructose 1,6-diphosphate is reported to improve aerobic glycolysis and increase ATP synthesis in the presence of cerebral ischemia